From the manuscript for Institutional Genes

The incentive compatibility observed by institutional genes encompasses both the perfectly rational incentive compatibility of game theory and mechanism design theory, and a broader form of incentive compatibility involving bounded rationality. The latter is generally seen in social consensus and other rules and norms that people adhere to, and which have evolved over time. Individuals who breach these rules tend to isolate or even bring punishment upon themselves, having violated the incentive-compatible conditions of the society in which they live. According to Hayek, human reasoning is extremely limited. To alleviate the onerous burden of information gathering and rational reasoning, most people base their social behaviour, most of the time, on rules that have evolved over time and are compatible with their incentives, rather than relying on their own reasoning abilities. Hayek thus described man as a creature that follows rules. Recent advances in contract theory, and in law and economics, have further confirmed Hayek's thesis both theoretically and empirically. Hart et al (Hart & Moore 2008, Frydlinger & Hart 2022) demonstrate that in practice it tends not to be possible for contracts to be designed in a perfectly rational way, and that contracts are therefore always incomplete, and that when devising a contract people intentionally use social rules or norms which have to be adhered to, as contractual provisions. Bolton and Brooks (2022) demonstrate that court enforcement of contracts is often based on adherence to social conventions, owing to the insurmountable practical difficulties of relying on a perfectly rational approach to the law.

制度基因

制度基因所遵循的激励相容性,既包含博弈论、机制设计理论里的完全理性的激励相容性,也包括更广泛的有限理性下的激励相容性。后者普遍存在于人们普遍遵守的,长期演变形成的规则,社会共识、社会规范,等等。违反这些规则的个人往往会孤立自己甚至引来惩罚,即违反其所处社会的激励相容条件。哈耶克描述说,人的理性是非常有限的。为了减轻信息收集和理性推理带来沉重的负担,大部分人的多数社会行为是以服从长期演变形成的(与他们激励相容的)规则为基础的,而不都是依赖自己的理性推理决定的。因此,他称人是服从规则的动物。契约理论及法经济学的最新进展,从理论上和实证上进一步证实了当年哈耶克的论述。哈特等证明,在现实中契约往往不可能按照完全理性的方式设计,因而总是不完备的,而且在设计契约时,人们有意利用必须遵守的社会规则或者社会规范作为契约条文(Hart and Moore, 2008; Frydlinger and Hart, 2022)。博尔顿等证明,由于依赖完全理性推理的方法执法在现实中遇到无法解决的困难,法庭执行契约往往是以遵守社会常规为基础的(Bolton and Brooks, 2022)。